Another criticism is that, due to conflicting claims about how children tend to play with these dolls (some studies suggest that children who have been sexually abused play with them in a more sexually explicit manner, while other studies have found no correlation), no meaningful conclusions can be drawn from how a particular child plays. These critics say that because of the novelty of the dolls, children will act out sexually explicit acts with the dolls even if the child has not been sexually abused. įinally, while there are endorsers of the use of anatomically correct dolls in questioning victims of sexual abuse/molestation, there are also critics of this practice. The status of the interviewer can also influence a child's testimony, because the more authority an interviewer has, such as a police officer, the more likely a child is to comply with that person's apparent agenda. Studies show that when a child witness is told that his or her friends have already testified that certain events occurred, the child witness was more likely to create a matching story. Peer pressure also influences children to fabricate stories. Some studies show that when interviewers make reassuring statements to child witnesses, the children are more likely to fabricate stories of past events that never occurred. Often, such reinforcement is given to encourage a spirit of cooperation by the child, but impartiality can quickly end as the interviewer nods, smiles, or offers verbal encouragement to "helpful" statements. Additionally, positive reinforcement by the interviewer can taint child testimony. As a result, evidence that could disprove the belief is never sought by the interviewer. When an interviewer has a preconceived notion as to the truth of the matter being investigated, the questioning is performed in a manner to extract statements that evidence these beliefs. Interviewer bias also influences child testimony. And that conversely, it is not unusual for children to underreport abuse. Research has found that, in the absence of being prompted, it is uncommon for children to make fictitious reports of sexual abuse.
Children are also especially susceptible to leading and suggestive questions. This is because the children perceive the repeated questioning as a sign that they did not give the "correct" answer previously. Furthermore, repeated questioning of children causes them to change their answers. Studies also show that when adults ask children questions that do not make sense (such as: "is milk bigger than water?" or "is red heavier than yellow?"), most children will offer an answer, believing that there is an answer to be given, rather than understanding the absurdity of the question. Maggie Bruck-a professor within the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine-wrote that children incorporate aspects of the interviewer's questions into their answers, as an attempt to tell the interviewer what the child believes is being sought. In an article published by the American Psychological Association and titled Jeopardy in the Courtroom: A Scientific Analysis of Children’s Testimony, Dr. Their testimony can be influenced in a variety of ways. Children are vulnerable to outside influences that can result in fabrication of testimony.
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